Fifteen percent of weekly athletes aged 15 and older who used performance‑enhancing substances in 2024 reported health complaints, up from five percent in 2016, according to RIVM. One in five of those with complaints sought medical help. The survey found that users were mainly young adults, men and strength‑sport athletes, who often took protein supplements, caffeine, creatine or pre‑workout products. The study did not specify the complaints, although earlier RIVM research listed sweating, headache, insomnia, heart palpitations and stomach problems. The usage figures from the Leefstijlmonitor are low, but may be underestimated because participants may not disclose illicit use or may not see some supplements as performance‑enhancing. RIVM urges continued consumer education and further research on usage patterns, dosage and health outcomes.
© National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
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