The European Commission has referred Bulgaria, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and Sweden to the Court of Justice of the European Union for failing to transpose the Directive on the Resilience of Critical Entities (CER Directive). The CER Directive, adopted to protect services in key sectors such as energy, transport, health, water, banking and digital infrastructure, requires Member States to carry out regular risk assessments and implement measures to ensure the uninterrupted provision of essential services. States were required to transpose the directive into national law by 17 October 2024. While most countries have notified full transposition, the seven states have not. The Commission sent formal notices in November 2024 and reasoned opinions in July 2025, and is now requesting the Court to impose financial sanctions.
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