An ECB Working Paper (No. 3267) compares income and income-growth distributions across selected EU countries using CES and EU-SILC data. The analysis plots monthly and annualized CES income and growth alongside SILC data as kernel densities on deflated log scales. Monthly CES data represents annualized quarterly income and growth, while annualized CES averages current and prior three quarters’ income, comparing monthly income to that of four quarters earlier. Sources include EU-SILC 2022–2023 and CES 2023–2025. Authors note opinions expressed are their own and do not reflect those of the Federal Reserve, ECB, or Eurosystem. The paper is freely available from ECB, SSRN, and RePEc, with author details and reproduction permissions provided.
© European Central Bank, 2025.
Summary derived from the ECB website (https://www.ecb.europa.eu ).
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